Nui nā ʻano mea maka refractory a me nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale like ʻole. ʻEono mau māhele ma ke ʻano laulā.
ʻO ka mea mua, e like me nā ʻāpana kemika o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea maka refractory
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea maka oxide a me nā mea maka non-oxide. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana hou, ua lilo kekahi mau hui organik i mau mea mua a i ʻole nā mea kōkua o nā mea maka pale ahi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻElua, e like me nā ʻāpana kemika o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea maka refractory
Wahi a nā ʻano kemika, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea maka pale ahi i nā mea maka pale ahi waikawa, e like me ka silica, zircon, a pēlā aku; nā mea maka pale ahi kūlohelohe, e like me ka corundum, bauxite (acidic), mullite (acidic), pyrite (alkaline), graphite, a pēlā aku; nā mea maka pale ahi alkaline, e like me ka magnesia, dolomite one, magnesia calcium one, a pēlā aku.
ʻEkolu, e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hana hana
Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā mea refractory, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hana refractory i nā mea nui a me nā mea kōkua.
ʻO ke kino nui o ka mea refractory ka mea maka nui. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea maka kōkua i nā mea hoʻopaʻa a me nā mea hoʻohui. ʻO ka hana o ka mea hoʻopaʻa, ʻo ia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke kino refractory i ke kaʻina hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he wai ʻōpala pulp sulfite, asphalt, phenolic resin, aluminate cement, sodium silicate, phosphoric acid a me phosphate, sulfate, a ʻo kekahi o nā mea maka nui iā lākou iho he kuleana o nā mea hoʻopaʻa, e like me ka lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia; ʻO ke kuleana o nā mea hoʻohui, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana a i ʻole ke kūkulu ʻana o nā mea refractory, a i ʻole e hoʻoikaika i kekahi mau waiwai o nā mea refractory, e like me ka stabilizer, ka mea hoʻemi wai, ka mea hoʻopaʻa, ka plasticizer, ka mea hoʻolaha hua, ka mea hoʻonui, ka antioxidant, a pēlā aku.
ʻEhā, e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka waikawa a me ke kumu
Wahi a ka waikawa a me ka alkali, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia nā mea maka refractory i nā ʻāpana ʻelima.
(1) Nā mea maka ʻakika
ʻO nā mea maka siliceous nui, e like me ka quartz, squamquartz, quartzite, chalcedony, chert, opal, quartzite, one silica keʻokeʻo, diatomite, aia kēia mau mea maka siliceous i ka silica (SiO2) ma ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 90%, aia ka silica i nā mea maka maʻemaʻe ma mua o 99%. He waikawa nā mea maka siliceous i ka dynamics kemika wela kiʻekiʻe, i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā oxides metala, a i ʻole i ka wā e pili ana me ka hana kemika, a hui pū ʻia i loko o nā silicates fusible. No laila, inā loaʻa i ka mea maka siliceous kahi liʻiliʻi o ka oxide metala, e hoʻopilikia nui ia i kona kūpaʻa wela.
(2) nā mea maka semi-ʻakika
ʻO ka mea nui, he lepo kūpaʻa ʻole ia. I ka wā ma mua, ua helu ʻia ka lepo ma ke ʻano he mea waikawa, akā ʻaʻole kūpono ia. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka waikawa o nā mea maka kūpaʻa ʻole i ka silica manuahi (SiO2) ma ke ʻano he kino nui, no ka mea, e like me ke ʻano kemika o ka lepo kūpaʻa ʻole a me nā mea maka siliceous, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka silica manuahi i loko o ka lepo kūpaʻa ʻole ma mua o nā mea maka siliceous.
No ka mea, aia he 30% ~ 45% alumina i loko o ka pālolo refractory maʻamau, a ʻaʻole pinepine ka alumina i ke kūlana manuahi, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka silica i loko o kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O), ʻoiai inā he liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka silica keu, he liʻiliʻi loa ke kuleana. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka waiwai waikawa o ka pālolo refractory ma mua o nā mea maka siliceous. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pālolo refractory i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka silicate manuahi, alumina manuahi, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia, e hui pū ʻia ka silicate manuahi a me ka alumina manuahi i loko o ka quartz (3Al2O3·2SiO2) ke hoʻomau ʻia ka wela. Loaʻa i ka Quartz ke kūpaʻa waikawa maikaʻi i ka slag alkaline, a ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka haku mele alumina i loko o ka pālolo refractory, ua nāwaliwali mālie ka mea waikawa, i ka hiki ʻana o ka alumina i 50%, nā waiwai alkaline a neutral paha, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā piliki pālolo ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ka nui o ka density, ka compact maikaʻi, ka porosity haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka slag alkaline ma mua o ka silica ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe. He lohi loa hoʻi ka Quartz ma ke ʻano o kona erosivity, no laila ke manaʻo nei mākou he kūpono ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka pālolo refractory ma ke ʻano he semi-acidic. ʻO ka pālolo refractory ka mea maka maʻalahi loa a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana refractory.
(3) nā mea maka kūlike ʻole
ʻO nā mea maka kūlohelohe he chromite, graphite, silicon carbide (artificial), ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana mahana ʻaʻole e pane me ka waikawa a i ʻole ka alkaline slag. Aia i kēia manawa ʻelua mau mea like ma ke ʻano, chromite a me graphite. Ma waho aʻe o ka graphite kūlohelohe, aia kekahi graphite artificial, ʻo kēia mau mea maka kūlohelohe, he kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi i ka slag, ʻo ia ka mea kūpono loa no nā mea refractory alkaline a me ka insulation refractory acid.
(4) nā mea maka paʻakikī alkaline
ʻO ka magnesite (magnesite), dolomite, lime, olivine, serpentine, nā mea maka alumina oxygen kiʻekiʻe (i kekahi manawa kūlike ʻole), he ikaika ko kēia mau mea maka i ka slag alkaline, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka umu alkaline masonry, akā maʻalahi ka hopena kemika a me ka slag waikawa a lilo i paʻakai.
(5) Nā mea pale kūikawā
ʻO ka zirconia, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, cerium oxide, thorium oxide, yttrium oxide, a pēlā aku. Loaʻa i kēia mau mea maka nā ʻano pale like ʻole i nā ʻano slag āpau, akā no ka mea ʻaʻole nui ke kumu o nā mea maka, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana refractory he nui, hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā kūlana kūikawā, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mau mea maka pale ahi kūikawā.
ʻElima, e like me ka hanauna o nā mea maka hoʻokaʻawale
Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea maka, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana i nā mea maka kūlohelohe a me nā mea maka synthetic.
(1) nā mea maka kūlohelohe paʻakikī
ʻO nā mea maka mineral kūlohelohe ke kino nui o nā mea maka. ʻO nā mineral e kū mai ana ma ke kūlohelohe ua haku ʻia me nā mea e hana ai iā lākou. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ka nui o ka oxygen, silicon a me ka alumini ʻekolu mau mea e pili ana i kahi 90% o ka nui o nā mea i loko o ka ʻili, a ʻo ka oxide, silicate a me nā mineral aluminosilicate e pili ana i nā pono maopopo, he mau waihona nui loa ia o nā mea maka kūlohelohe.
He nui nā kumuwaiwai maka refractory o Kina, he nui nā ʻano like ʻole. Hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo Magnesite, bauxite, graphite a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe nā kia ʻekolu o nā mea maka refractory o Kina; Magnesite a me bauxite, nā waihona nui, kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe; ʻO ka pālolo refractory maikaʻi loa, silica, dolomite, magnesia dolomite, magnesia olivine, serpentine, zircon a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā mea maka maoli: silica, quartz, diatomite, wax, clay, bauxite, cyanite mineral raw materials, magnesite, dolomite, limestone, magnesite olivine, serpentine, talc, chlorite, zircon, plagiozircon, perlite, chromium iron a me ka graphite kūlohelohe.
ʻEono, E like me ke ʻano kemika, hiki ke māhele ʻia nā mea maka refractory kūlohelohe i:
ʻO Siliceous: e like me ka silica crystalline, ke one quartz i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka silica, a pēlā aku;
② semi-siliceous (phyllachite, a pēlā aku)
③ Lepo: e like me ka lepo paʻakikī, ka lepo palupalu, a pēlā aku; Hoʻohui i ka lepo a me ka clinker lepo
(4) Alumini kiʻekiʻe: ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo jade, e like me ke bauxite kiʻekiʻe, nā minelala sillimanite;
⑤ Makenesium: magnesite;
⑥ Dolomita;
⑦ Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
Zircon (ZrO2·SiO2).
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā haumia o nā mea maka kūlohelohe, paʻa ʻole ka haku mele ʻana, loli nui ka hana, he kakaikahi wale nō nā mea maka e hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a i ʻole calcined ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi hana o nā mea refractory.
(2) nā mea maka pale ahi synthetic
He palena iki nā ʻano minelala kūlohelohe i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea maka, a ʻaʻole hiki pinepine iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā koi o nā mea refractory kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe no nā koi kūikawā o ka ʻoihana hou. Hiki i nā mea maka refractory synthetic ke hoʻokō piha i ka haku mele mineral kemika i hoʻolālā mua ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka poʻe, ʻo kona ʻano maʻemaʻe, ʻano paʻa, a maʻalahi ke kaohi i ka haku mele kemika, no laila paʻa ka maikaʻi, hiki ke hana i nā ʻano mea refractory holomua, ʻo ia ka mea maka nui o nā mea refractory akamai kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā. Ua wikiwiki loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea refractory synthetic i nā makahiki he iwakālua i hala.
ʻO nā mea maka refractory synthetic ka nui o ka magnesium aluminum spinel, synthetic mullite, seawater magnesia, synthetic magnesium cordierite, sintered corundum, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide a pēlā aku.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-19-2023
