9 mau mea paʻa ʻole no nā umu aniani

Nā pōhaku silica no nā umu aniani:
Nā mea hoʻohui nui: silicon dioxide (SiO2), pono ke ʻano o ka ʻike ma luna o 94%. Mahana hana: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mahana hana he 1600 ~ 1650 ℃. Nā hiʻohiʻona: kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka ʻino ʻana o ka ʻōpala waikawa, akā kūpaʻa ʻole i ka ʻino ʻana o nā mea lele alkaline. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻaukā nui, nā paia umauma a me nā umu liʻiliʻi.

Nā pōhaku lepo ahi no nā umu aniani:
Nā mea hoʻohui nui: ʻO Al2O3 a me SiO2, aia ka nui o Al2O3 ma waena o 30% ~ 45%, aia ʻo SiO2 ma waena o 51% ~ 66%. Mahana hana: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mahana hana he 1350 ~ 1500 ℃. Nā hiʻohiʻona: He mea pale ʻakika nāwaliwali me ka pale ʻakika maikaʻi, kūpaʻa wela a me ka conductivity wela haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka lalo o ka loko ʻauʻau, ka paia o ka loko o ka ʻāpana hana a me ke alahele, ka paia, ke kūlou, nā piliki nānā haʻahaʻa a me ka lua o ka lumi mālama wela.

Nā pōhaku alumina kiʻekiʻe no nā umu aniani:
Nā ʻāpana nui: SiO2 a me Al2O3, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Al2O3 ma mua o 46%. Mahana hana: ʻO ka mahana hana kiʻekiʻe loa he 1500 ~ 1650 ℃. Nā hiʻohiʻona: Kūʻē maikaʻi i ka pala, a hiki ke pale aku i ka pala mai nā ʻōpala waikawa a me ka alkaline. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o nā keʻena mālama wela, a me nā mea pono refractory no nā loko hana, nā kahawai mea a me nā mea hānai.

Nā pōhaku lepo Mullite:
ʻO Al2O3 ka ʻāpana nui o nā piliki mullite, a ʻo kona ʻano ma kahi o 75%. No ka mea he mau kristal mullite nui ia, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mau piliki mullite. ʻO ka density 2.7-3 2g/cm3, ka porosity hāmama 1%-12%, a ʻo ka mahana hana kiʻekiʻe loa he 1500 ~ 1700 ℃. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka mullite sintered no ka hana ʻana i nā paia o ke keʻena mālama wela. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka mullite fused no ka hana ʻana i nā paia o ka loko wai, nā lua nānā, nā buttresses paia, a pēlā aku.

Nā pōhaku lepo corundum zirconium i hoʻopili ʻia:
Ua kapa ʻia hoʻi nā piliki zirconium corundum i hoʻohui ʻia he mau piliki hao keʻokeʻo. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia nā piliki zirconium corundum i hoʻohui ʻia i ʻekolu mau papa e like me ka nui o ka zirconium: 33%, 36%, a me 41%. Aia i loko o nā piliki zirconium corundum i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana aniani he 50% ~ 70% Al2O3 a me 20% ~ 40% ZrO2. ʻO ka nui o ka density he 3.4 ~ 4.0g / cm3, ʻo ka porosity i ʻike ʻia he 1% ~ 10%, a ʻo ka mahana hana kiʻekiʻe loa ma kahi o 1700 ℃. Hoʻohana ʻia nā piliki zirconium corundum i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nui o ka zirconium o 33% a me 36% e kūkulu i nā paia o ka loko umu, nā paia umauma lapalapa, nā lua pahū umu liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana umu liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana umu liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana alelo, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohana ʻia nā piliki zirconium corundum i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nui o ka zirconium o 41% e kūkulu i nā kihi paia o ka loko, nā lua kahe, a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe kahi e ʻino ai ka wai aniani a hōʻino i nā mea refractory me ka ikaika loa. ʻO kēia mea ka mea refractory hoʻolei fused i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka ʻoihana aniani.

Nā pōhaku alumina i hoʻopili ʻia:
ʻO ke kumu nui, pili ia i nā piliki refractory α, β corundum, a me ka β corundum i hoʻohui ʻia, nona ka pae kristal 92% ~ 94% Al2O3 corundum, ka nui o ka density 2.9 ~ 3.05g/cm3, ka porosity ʻike ʻia he 1% ~ 10%, a me ka mahana hana kiʻekiʻe loa ma kahi o 1700 ℃. Loaʻa i ka alumina i hoʻohui ʻia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka permeation aniani a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe haumia i ka wai aniani. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ka paia o ka loko wai hana, ka lalo o ka loko wai, ke kahawai kahe, ka paia o ka loko wai kahawai mea hana, ka lalo o ka loko wai kahawai mea a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka umu hoʻoheheʻe aniani e hoʻopili ana i ka wai aniani a ʻaʻole pono ka haumia refractory.

Nā pōhaku lepo Quartz:
ʻO ka ʻāpana nui ʻo SiO2, nona ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 99%, me ka nui o 1.9 ~ 2g / cm3, ka refractoriness o 1650 ℃, ka mahana hana ma kahi o 1600 ℃, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻāʻī waikawa. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e kūkulu i ka paia o ka loko wai me ke aniani boron waikawa, nā pōhaku lepo thermocouple hakahaka lapalapa, a pēlā aku.

Nā mea hoʻopaʻa ʻaleka:
ʻO nā mea paʻa alkaline e pili nui ana i nā piliki magnesia, nā piliki alumina-magnesia, nā piliki magnesia-chrome, a me nā piliki forsterite. ʻO kāna hana ke kū'ē i ka ʻino ʻana o nā mea alkaline, a ʻo kona paʻa he 1900 ~ 2000 ℃. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ka paia o luna o ka mea hana hou o ka umu hoʻoheheʻe aniani, ke kikowaʻa mea hana hou, ke kino grid, a me ka ʻāpana umu liʻiliʻi.

Nā pōhaku hoʻokaʻawale no nā umu aniani:
He nui ka wahi hoʻoheheʻe wela o ka umu hoʻoheheʻe aniani a he haʻahaʻa ka pono wela. I mea e mālama ai i ka ikehu a hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana, pono ka nui o nā mea hoʻomehana no ka hoʻomehana piha. ʻO ka mea kūikawā, pono e hoʻomehana ʻia ka paia o ka loko wai, ka lalo o ka loko wai, ke kūlou, a me ka paia i loko o ka mea hana hou, ka ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe, ka ʻāpana hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoheheʻe wela. He nui loa ka porosity o ka piliki hoʻomehana, he māmā loa ke kaumaha, a ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o ka density ma mua o 1.3g/cm3. No ka mea, he haʻahaʻa loa ka hana hoʻoili wela o ka ea, he hopena hoʻomehana ka piliki hoʻomehana me ka porosity nui. ʻO kona coefficient conductivity thermal he 2 ~ 3 mau manawa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea refractory maʻamau, no laila ʻo ka nui o ka porosity, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena hoʻomehana. Nui nā ʻano piliki hoʻomehana like ʻole, me nā piliki hoʻomehana lepo, nā piliki hoʻomehana silica, nā piliki hoʻomehana alumina kiʻekiʻe a pēlā aku.